The objective of this book is to provide an overview of the effects of fire or elevated temperatures on the behavior of concrete materials and RC structures. In order to meet this objective, the effects of fire or elevated temperatures on the properties of normal, concrete constituent materials and RC structures are summarized. Also, the effects of fire or elevated temperatures on high-strength and self-compacting concrete materials are noted and their performance compared to normal concretes. A review of concrete materials for fire or elevated temperature service is presented. Design considerations and analytical techniques for evaluating the response of reinforced concrete structures subjected to fire or elevated temperatures conditions are also presented and discussed.

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The present work is concerned with the experimental and analytical study of the behaviour of reinforced concrete beam-column connections exposed to fire under loading and to evaluate the reduction in concrete strength during fire. This research is divided into two parts, the first part is the experimental program, and the second is the theoretical analysis using finite element program (ANSYS). The experimental program include one-third scale specimens have been casted from self-compacted concrete. Three specimens were exposed to 600°C for one hour, other 3 specimens exposed to 600°C for two hours and the last 3 specimens as a control not exposed to fire. The effect of some parameters on the RC connection's behaviour like reinforcement ratio, amount of stirrups on RC connection and fire duration were studied. Experimental program extended also to study heat distribution inside RC beam-column connections by measuring temperature at points distributed at sections all over connection. Cracks propagation, strain, deflection, initial crack and failure loads were recorded, analysed and discussed.

  • Jean-Marc Franssen Jean-Marc Franssen

A numerical software, SAFIR, developed to allow modeling of the behavior of structures subjected to fire and its wide range of applications was discussed. The main objective of structures-in-fire (SiF) analysis is to determine the mechanical behavior of a structure during a fire until failure. The new software would serve as a general platform allowing further developments, either in the library of finite elements or in the constitutive models. SAFIR allows the user to compute the value of the elastic torsional stiffness of any composite section. The software also allows 3D thermal analysis and the information obtained on the temperature distribution can be used in the estimation of load-bearing capacity.

  • H. Saito

The paper presents the results of the theoretical analysis of explosive spalling mechanism of precast-and prestressed concrete members in fire. The explosive spalling is not caused by the steam pressure of the heated water within concrete voids but caused by thermal stress of concrete near the surface. As the distribution of temperature in concrete near the surface is not linear, thermal stress occurred. The explosive spalling dose not occur until thermal stress becomes greater than compressive strength of concrete. According to above opinion, it is possible to explain clearly every phenomenon of explosive spalling prestressed concrete in fire. Explosive spalling of prestressed concrete member can be avoided by adding fire proof covering to the member surface or applying some kinds of aggregates, which have a small coefficient of thermal expansion at high temperature, to its concrete. © 1966, Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering. All rights reserved.

  • M. Winney

Describes damage and repair of the Channel Tunnel following the vehicle fire in November 1996. Damage was worse than anticipated, leaving one section effectively unlined. Emergency shoring is being used to prevent collapse. Cast iron lining is the favoured replacement for damaged concrete sections, although a final decision has yet to be made. Other options, including shotcrete, shotcrete and cast in situ shuttered linear, or reconstruction using same segments as before, are being considered. The pros and cons of each are briefly outlined. The track will also need extensive repair and replacement. The fire recovery and repair schedule for 1997 is presented. Tunnel safety systems and fire response are outlined.

The importance of the cable-stayed Vasco da Gama Bridge, located over the main navigational channel of the Tagus River, is such that its behavior under a ship fire accident should be assessed. Based on the volume of hydrocarbon products transported by typical oil tankers, models of the design fire situations were developed. The characteristics of those fires, along with the radiation, convection, and conduction thermal transfers, were considered in a numerical thermal analysis of the bridge deck to estimate the evolution of the temperatures in the cross section during the fire, and to assess the safety time for the structure.

  • George C. Ernst
  • Gerald M. Smith
  • Arvin Roy. Riveland
  • Donald N. Pierce

Tests on fifteen two-hinged frames investigate the performance of continuous reinforced concrete. Three steel ratios, three spans, two grades of steel, and two steel stress-strain curves were investigated. Ductility factors based on lateral displacements of a frame were significantly lower than the flexural unit rotation ductility factors for the critical section. ultimate lateral resistance and distortion of the frames tested were independent of span length.

  • A. Kumar
  • Virendra Kumar Virendra Kumar

A study was carried out to generate experimental data on residual strength of reinforced cement concrete (RCC) beams subjected to fire for long duration (exceeding fire resistance). Six RCC beams were cast with similar cross-sectional details, length and grade of concrete and clear cover provided to reinforcements. Four beams were exposed to fire for 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 2.5 h duration. Thereafter, five beams were load tested and sixth beam, (ie, beam exposed to fire for 2.5 h) failed in serviceability criterion for its residual deflection due to fire. Some spalling of concrete was observed in the beam exposed to fire for 2.5 h at the time of removal from furnace, which increased with time under normal weathering conditions. The reduction found in initial stiffness of fire exposed RCC beams were more than the reduction in near ultimate stiffness. Also, amount of this reduction in stiffness increased with the increase in fire exposed duration.